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ve and migratory abilities of TNBC by targeting miR‑211‑5p. This study may provide some insights into the regulatory mechanism of TNBC and help the development of novel therapeutic interventions for TNBC.Platelets are small pieces of cytoplasm that have become detached from the cytoplasm of mature megakaryocytes (MKs) in the bone marrow. Platelets modulate vascular system integrity and serve important role, particularly in hemostasis. With the rapid development of clinical medicine, the demand for platelet transfusion as a life‑saving intervention increases continuously. Stem cell technology appears to be highly promising for transfusion medicine, and the generation of platelets from stem cells would be of great value in the clinical setting. Furthermore, several studies have been undertaken to investigate the potential of producing platelets from stem cells. Initial success has been achieved in terms of the yields and function of platelets generated from stem cells. However, the requirements of clinical practice remain unmet. The aim of the present review was to focus on several sources of stem cells and factors that induce MK differentiation. Updated information on current research into the genetic regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet generation was summarized. Additionally, advanced strategies of platelet generation were reviewed and the progress made in this field was discussed.Studies on extracellular vesicles have increased in recent years. The multi‑dimensional nature of their roles in cellular homeostasis, cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication at the level of the organism, as well as their actions on the holobiome (intra‑/interspecies interaction), have garnered the interest of a large number of researchers. Exosomes are one of the most researched classes of extracellular vesicles because they are carriers of targeted protein and DNA/RNA loads. Their multi‑functional cargo have been indicated to regulate a vast number of biological pathways in target cells. S63845 However, the mechanisms governing these interactions have not yet been fully determined. Endocrinology, by definition, focuses on homeostatic, and cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication mechanisms. Therefore exosomes should be included in this research topic. Exosomes have previously been associated with a number of endocrine disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, disorders of the reproductive system and cancer. Furthermore, their biogenesis, composition and function have been associated with viruses, an entirely different domain of life. The profound roles of exosomes in homeostasis, stress and several pathological conditions, in conjunction with their selective and cell‑specific composition/function, allude to their use as promising circulating clinical biomarkers of systemic stress and specific pathologic states, and as biocompatible vehicles of therapeutic cargo. The current review provides information on exosomes and discusses their endocrine implications.The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the ginsenoside Rg1 on D‑galactose (D‑gal)‑induced mouse models of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and the related mechanisms. C57BL/6 female mice were randomly grouped into the following i) D‑gal [subcutaneously (s.c.) 200 mg/kg/d D‑gal for 42 days]; ii) Rg1 [intraperitoneally (i.p.) 20 mg/kg/d Rg1 for 28 days]; iii) D‑gal + Rg1 (s.c. 200 mg/kg/d D‑gal for 42 days followed by i.p. 20 mg/kg/d Rg1 for 28 days); and iv) saline groups (equivalent volume of saline s.c. and i.p.). Hematoxylin and eosin staining and electron microscopy were used to analyze uterine and ovarian morphology. Expression levels of senescence factors (p21, p53 and serine/threonine kinase), secretion of pro‑inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)‑6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and IL‑1β] and the activities of oxidation biomarkers [superoxide dismutase (T‑SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‑px)] were analyzed. The results showed that mice in the Rg1 + D‑gal group had significantly higher uterine and ovarian weight compared with those in the D‑gal group. Uterus morphology was also improved, based on the comparison between the D‑gal group and the Rg1 + D‑gal group. In addition, the Rg1 treatment after D‑gal administration significantly decreased the expression of senescence‑associated factors, enhanced the activities of anti‑oxidant enzymes total T‑SOD and GSH‑px in addition to reducing TNF‑α, IL‑1β, MDA and IL‑6 (based on the comparison between the D‑gal group and the Rg1 + D‑gal group). In conclusion, the present study suggested that the ginsenoside Rg1 improved pathological damages in the ovary and uterus by increasing anti‑oxidant and anti‑inflammatory abilities whilst reducing the expression of senescence signaling pathways in POI mouse models.Uterine leiomyoma presents the highest incidence among benign tumors of the female reproductive tract. The present study compared the proteome of leiomyoma treated with ulipristal acetate with that of untreated leiomyoma to investigate protein expression patterns in relation to oxidative stress. Paired tissue samples from seven treated and untreated leiomyomas were collected and the proteome was analyzed by two‑dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‑DE). Western blotting was used to validate the results of 2‑DE, and mass spectrometry was used to identify proteins. The tissue expression of 30 proteins was markedly affected by treatment with ulipristal acetate. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that several of the differentially expressed proteins were involved in the degradation of hydrogen peroxide and the synthesis of reactive oxygen species. The present study suggested the involvement of oxidative stress as a novel mechanism of action of ulipristal acetate. These findings require further investigations to understand the role of ulipristal acetate in the treatment of the leiomyoma.Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been revealed to suppress CD4 T cells from patients with pSS may provide insight regarding autoimmune diseases and offer a novel target for prospective treatment. Therefore, these results may be crucial in providing MSC treatment for pSS.