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This chapter summarizes the importance of recognizing adrenal hypertension in CKD and reinforces the need for physicians to pursue these diagnoses in CKD patients as this is safe and improves both BP control and delays progression of CKD.

This chapter summarizes the importance of recognizing adrenal hypertension in CKD and reinforces the need for physicians to pursue these diagnoses in CKD patients as this is safe and improves both BP control and delays progression of CKD.

To summarise the emerging role of thermal ablation as a therapeutic modality in the management of functioning adrenal tumours and metastases to the adrenal gland.

Observational evidence has demonstrated the benefit of thermal ablation in (i) resolving adrenal endocrinopathy arising from benign adenomas, (ii) treating solitary metastases to the adrenal and (iii) controlling metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma.

Microwave thermal ablation offers a promising, minimally invasive therapeutic modality for the management of functioning adrenocortical adenomas and adrenal metastases. Appropriate technological design, treatment planning and choice of imaging modality are necessary to overcome technical challenges associated with this emerging therapeutic approach.

Microwave thermal ablation offers a promising, minimally invasive therapeutic modality for the management of functioning adrenocortical adenomas and adrenal metastases. Appropriate technological design, treatment planning and choice of imaging modality are necessary to overcome technical challenges associated with this emerging therapeutic approach.

The introduction of synthetic glucocorticoids 70 years ago made survival possible in classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD). The currently used glucocorticoid therapy may lead to unphysiological dosing with negative consequencies on health in addition to the problems that may arise due to androgen over-exposure.

Fertility in females with 21OHD seemed to be impaired, especially in the salt-wasting (SW) phenotype but when pregnancies did occur there was a higher risk for gestational diabetes and cesearean section. Increased fat mass, body mass index, insulin resistance and frequency of autoimmune disorders as well as impaired echocardiographic parameters and lower bone mineral density were found in 21OHD compared to controls. Negative effects on cognitive functions have been identified. Adrenal tumors, especially myelolipomas, were prevalent. Increased knowledge on steroid metabolism in 21OHD and urine steroid profiling may improve assessment of treatment efficacy. Nevanimibe, abiraterone acetate and anastrozole may have a place in the future management of 21OHD. Long-acting glucocorticoids may be a less favorable, especially dexamethasone.

The various clinical outcomes need regular monitoring. Negative consequencies are to large extent the result of the unphysiological glucocorticoid replacement. Modern management with improved follow-up and future addition of new drugs may improve outcomes.

The various clinical outcomes need regular monitoring. NVS-STG2 Negative consequencies are to large extent the result of the unphysiological glucocorticoid replacement. Modern management with improved follow-up and future addition of new drugs may improve outcomes.Conventional blood pressure (BP) measurement methods have a number of drawbacks such as being invasive, cuff-based or requiring manual operation. Many studies are focussed on emerging methods of noninvasive, cuff-less and continuous BP measurement, and using only photoplethysmography to estimate BP has become popular. Although it is well known that physiological characteristics of the subject are important in BP estimation, this has not been widely explored. This article presents a novel method which adopts photoplethysmography and prior knowledge of a subject’s physiological features to estimate DBP and SBP. Features extracted from a fingertip photoplethysmography signal and prior knowledge of a subject’s physiological characteristics, such as gender, age, height, weight and BMI is used to estimate BP using three different machine learning models artificial neural networks, support vector machine and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. The accuracy of BP estimation obtained when prior knowledge of the physiological characteristics are incorporated into the model is superior to those which do not take the physiological characteristics into consideration. In this study, the best performing algorithm is an artificial neural network which obtains a mean absolute error and SD of 4.74 ± 5.55 mm Hg for DBP and 9.18 ± 12.57 mm Hg for SBP compared to 6.61 ± 8.04 mm Hg for DBP and 11.12 ± 14.20 mm Hg for SBP without prior knowledge. The inclusion of prior knowledge of the physiological characteristics can improve the accuracy of BP estimation using machine learning methods, and the incorporation of more physiological characteristics enhances the accuracy of the BP estimation.

The aim of the present study was to validate the blood pressure (BP) monitor Beurer BM 28 according to the International Protocol of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH-IP) revision 2010.

In 33 subjects of age 27-81 years, BP measurements were performed according to the ESH-IP protocol, which alternates reference mercury sphygmomanometer and device-under-test (Beurer BM 28) measurements, resulting in a total of 99 comparisons.

As to part 1 of the protocol, an absolute difference within 5 mmHg between the Beurer BM 28 and the test device was found in 83 out of 99 comparisons for the SBP and 82 out of 99 comparisons for the DBP. In 95 out of 99 SBP comparisons and 96 out of 99 DBP comparisons, the difference was found to be within 10 mmHg, whereas only one outlier was noted with an SBP difference higher than 15 mmHg. Mean difference between the test device and the reference was 0.4 ± 4.4 mmHg for SBP, and 0.5 ± 4.3 mmHg for DBP. According to part 2 of the protocol, 30 out of 33 subjects for SBP, and 28 out of 33 for DBP had a minimum of two out of three comparisons staying within the range of 5 mmHg. In none of the subjects, all three comparisons stayed outside the 5 mmHg absolute difference, while in three subjects this was the case for the DBP.

The Beurer BM 28 met all requirements of the ESH-IP revision 2010 and can be recommended for BP measurements in the study population under investigation.

The Beurer BM 28 met all requirements of the ESH-IP revision 2010 and can be recommended for BP measurements in the study population under investigation.