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Aoruroides chubudaigaku n. sp. (Nematoda Oxyuridomorpha Thelastomatidae) is described from the wood-burrowing cockroach Panesthia angustipennis spadica (Shiraki, 1906) (Blattodea Blaberidae Panesthiinae) from Aichi prefecture, Japan. Females of A. chubudaigaku n. sp. are similar to A. costaricensis Carreno Tuhela, 2011 by the position of the nerve ring at level of the first third of the isthmus, the body length and the comparative measurements of the oesophagus and tail. They differ by the position of the excretory pore and the vulva. The males of A. chubudaigaku n. sp. are characterized by the absence of ornamentations in the cervical cuticle and the nerve ring located at the posterior third of the corpus. In addition, the males of the new species can be differentiated by the length of the body and the comparative lengths of the oesophagus and the tail. The phylogeny of A. chubudaigaku n. sp. is inferred by the D2-D3 domains of the LSU rDNA and the validity of the genus Aoruroides Travassos Kloss, 1958 is discussed on the basis of both molecular and morphological data. This constitutes the first species of the genus Aoruroides described from the Japanese archipelago.Based on morphological data collected from treefrogs related to Sarcohyla hazelae, we describe a new species of the genus Sarcohyla from the cloud forest of the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, Mexico. We compare physical charactersitics of this new species to its closest relatives within the genus Sarcohyla, including dorsal and ventral coloration, head shape, tympanum distinctiveness, morphometrics and the condition of the tubercles on hands and feet. We analyze accoustic data from the advertisement call of males of the new species. We discuss the relationship of the species described herein with several of its cogeners, plus we resurrect the Sarcohyla hazelae group for these frogs. We describe habitat and distribution species related to Sarcohyla hazelae and also comment on the conservation priorities of these frogs.We evaluated the taxonomic composition of decapod crustaceans from the continental shelf of the Brazilian state of Sergipe. The specimens were collected during two field campaigns that covered the entire shelf length, at depths of 5-30 m. In the first campaign (“Petro-UFS”), four samplings took place between 1999-2000. In the second one (“Penaeid”), monthly samplings were carried out in 2013-2014, and covered an area at and between two important estuaries. Overall, we examined 74,387 decapod crustacean specimens. These specimens belonged to 27 families and 78 species, of which 26 species are newly recorded from Sergipe. Considering these results and previous records, Sergipe now has 121 species of marine decapod crustaceans, which represents only ~20% of the species recorded in the northern and northeastern Brazil. This gap indicates that the crustacean richness of Sergipe is probably underestimated and likely to increase with further samplings, especially on artificial rocky shores, rhodoliths and algae banks, small coralline formations, and other unexplored estuarine habitats.A new leafhopper species Hecalus rawalakotensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. A key is provided to distinguish all species in this genus from Pakistan.A new species of the costal genus Brachemys Abeille de Perrin, 1890 is described from Crete, B. minotaurus n.sp. (Coleoptera, Malachiidae). The species is included in the subgenus Atelestodes Abeille de Perrin, 1890 due to the lack of modified protarsi, although the subgeneric classification of Brachemys may need to be revised. Specimens of the new species were found running on bare rock in the supralittoral zone, bearing a striking resemblance to ants.Sarcoglanidinae and Glanapteryginae catfishes are among the most unusual elements of the Neotropical freshwater fish fauna. Microcambeva ribeirae, M. barbata and M. draco are miniaturized Sarcoglanidinae known to occur in sandy microhabitats in drainages of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Due to their specific habitats, specimens of Microcambeva are rare in fish collections, and new records are considered noteworthy to warrant report. Recently, specimens of this genus were newly found in the Rio Doce basin in Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo States. Such new records expand the known geographic distribution of Microcambeva. Further records of Microcambeva for Rio Peruípe in south Bahia State are also reported. Comments on the distribution of Microcambeva species along the Atlantic Forest coastal basins and suggestions on its conservation status are also offered.A new species from rapids of Rio Aripuanã, Rio Madeira basin, in Brazil, and from the same type of habitat in the upper Rio Negro and upper Rio Orinoco basins in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela is described and assigned to the genus Hyphessobrycon. The new species presents an interrupted lateral line plus a single perforated scale on caudal peduncle and a small dark blotch on dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays, features not found in the other species of Hyphessobrycon. Comments on the phylogenetic position of the new species, its rheophilic habits, and the biogeographic implications of its distribution are presented.Alpheus leptochiroides De Man, 1909, a poorly-known species originally described from the Kai Islands in eastern Indonesia, is reported from Kavieng, eastern Papua New Guinea, representing only the second record of this snapping shrimp and slightly extending its distribution range into the tropical western Pacific. The original description was based on a relatively young specimen, whereas the Kavieng specimen is clearly an adult male. Most importantly, several rather important characters of the species were omitted and/or not illustrated by De Man, including the unique and diagnostic rounded cuticular expansions on several areas of the third maxilliped, not present in any other alpheid shrimp. Therefore, a full redescription of the species is provided, with new detailed illustrations.Two new species of the genus Cephalophoxoides Gurjanova, 1977 are described. The material examined was collected during the Mini Biological Trawl (MBT) project, off Brazil’s southeastern coast on the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, at depths ranging from 34 to 75 meters. selleckchem Cephalophoxoides fortisetus sp. nov. resembles C. homilis (Barnard, 1960) in some general aspects of mandible, propodus of gnathopods 1-2, basis of pereopod 5 and rami of uropod 1. However, it can be distinguished by the latter species mainly by distinct characters on the maxilliped, gnathopod 1, uropod 2 and uropod 3. Also, the new species presents 1 short and 2 long stout setae on the lobes of telson as a notable character. Cephalophoxoides obtusimanus sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners by presenting gnathopod 1 with an obtuse and weakly chelate palm as an exclusive character of the genus. An identification key for all species of Cephalophoxoides of the world is provided.