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Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data for Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, and Peru, between 1986 and 2015, this paper explores the relationship between self-identifying as indigenous and/or afro-descendant on child under-5 mortality (n=20,770), stunting (n=15,828), wasting (n=15,827), and anemia (n=13,294). Rural-urban risk analysis suggest that indigenous and/or afro-descendent respondents have higher risk of under-5 mortality, stunting, wasting, and anemia. The same pattern is observed for cross-country risks, particularly for Bolivia and Colombia. Results from logistic multilevel regression models suggest that, even after controlling for geographic, socioeconomic, individual, reproductive, healthcare, and nutritional variables, self-identifying as indigenous and/or afro-descendant is associated with a higher risk of child stunting and wasting, but not necessarily a higher risk of under-5 mortality and anemia. While previous research has largely focused on the protective role of maternal education, results from this study suggest that paternal education, as well as, individual characteristics and early reproductive decisions, play a significant role in child health outcomes. My findings imply that efforts to improve child health in Latin America should account for ethnicity and/or race, since minority ethnoracial groups have higher risk of childhood morbidity in the region. In addition, these efforts should accompany education for both men and women, as well as, information about the effects of reproductive decisions on their children’s health.Prescription drug spending and other financial factors (e.g., out-of-pocket costs) partially explain variation in cost-related medication nonadherence (CRN). Indicators of social capital such as neighborhood factors and social support may influence the health and well-being of older adults as they may rely on community resources and support from family and peers to manage conditions. Previous research on the relationship of social capital and CRN has limited evidence and contradictory findings. Hence, our objective is to assess the relationship of social capital indicators (neighborhood social cohesion, neighborhood physical disorder, positive social support, and negative social support) and CRN using a longitudinal design, 2006 to 2016, in a nationally representative sample of older adults in the United States (US). The Health and Retirement Study is a prospective panel study of US adults aged ≥ 50 years evaluated every two years. Data was pooled to create three waves and fitted using Generalized Estimating Equation modelling adjusting for both baseline and timevarying covariates (age, sex, education, race, total household income, and perceived health status). The three waves consisted of 11,791, 12,336, and 9,491 participants. Higher levels of neighborhood social cohesion and positive social support were related with lower CRN (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.88-0.95 and OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.70-0.84, p less then 0.01). In contrast, higher levels of neighborhood physical disorder and negative social support were related to higher CRN (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.11 and OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.32-1.62, p less then 0.01). Interventions targeting social capital are needed, reinforcing positive social support and neighborhood social cohesion and diminishing neighborhood physical disorder and negative social support for older adults.Treatment using intramedullary nail (IMN) is challenging for atypical femoral incomplete fractures with the bowed femur. Although IMN is the first choice for atypical femoral fractures, there is often a mismatch between the shape of the femur and the implant. Therefore, for prophylactic surgery of atypical femoral incomplete fracture we used IMN with a chipping technique, which is used for non-unions of the longitudinal fracture. We report a case of an 87-year-old woman who presented with bilateral thigh pain that lasted 3 months and gradually worsened. She had a medication history of bisphosphonates for 10 years. In addition, radiography showed severe curvature in her femurs, with radiolucent fracture lines in the diaphysis. We obtained good results by using IMN with the chipping technique. Thigh pain was promptly relieved postoperatively. Four months after surgery, each bone had fused without the need for additional treatment. The chipping technique in prevention surgery of atypical femoral fracture can eliminate the mismatch with the implant by grinding the limited lesion, including the radiolucent fracture line. Moreover, it promotes bone healing.Ideberg type III glenoid fractures are relatively rare, and the mechanisms of injury and treatment strategies remain controversial. We reviewed the fracture patterns and final radiological findings in four cases. All fractures were wider on the medial side than on the side of the articular surface. All patients had multiple ipsilateral rib fractures; three out of four patients had a concomitant acromion fracture. Therefore, the mechanism of injury for the fracture is assumed to be external force applied in the caudal direction to the medial side of the body of the scapula. The superior shoulder suspensory complex was disrupted in most cases. A good clinical outcome was obtained in two patients with percutaneous screw fixation for the glenoid fracture and rigid plate fixation for the acromion fracture and in one patient who did not have an acromion fracture. However, one patient who did not undergo fixation of the acromion fracture developed osteoarthrosis of the shoulder joint. In this type of fracture, it is important to stabilize the acromion fracture at the same time as fixation of the glenoid fracture.Empty toe injury is a rare type of closed degloving injury; limited cases have been reported previously, with controversial outcomes. Our case is a 22 year old male who was injured by a trolley bus. The patient presented at our emergency department with extensive swelling of the right foot, deformity of the fifth toe, bruising and intact skin. On clinical examination the phalangeal bone could not be palpated in the fifth toe and there was no capillary refill. The patient underwent open reduction combined with fasciotomies. The toe regained perfusion after the reduction and was under close observation to ensure its viability. Finally the distal and part of the middle phalanx of the toe was amputated. Rapamycin cell line The purpose of this report is to inform health providers about this unique type of injury and contribute to a more sufficient treatment plan. Level of evidence IV.